March 7, 2014
pharmaphorum
By Charles E. Lipsey; Aaron Gleaton Clay
Authored by Aaron V. Gleaton, Howard W. Levine, Charles E. Lipsey, and Sanya Sukduang
The 2011 Leahy–Smith America Invents Act ("AIA") has provided an expedited Inter Partes Review ("IPR") process to challenge issued patents before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO"). The IPR procedures, however, may not be well suited for certain cases involving patent disputes relating to the right to sell generic drugs governed by the Hatch–Waxman Act, passed in 1984. Specifically, the use of IPR in such disputes is likely, in many cases, to disrupt the carefully balanced framework of compromises underlying the Hatch–Waxman Act, especially those provisions that provide for a 30-month postponement of FDA approval of a generic's Abbreviated New Drug Application ("ANDA"), to allow the patent issues to be resolved in court before generic competition begins. Accordingly, the USPTO should exercise its discretion and decline to institute IPR proceedings in appropriate abbreviated new drug application ("ANDA") disputes.
The Hatch–Waxman Act sought to balance the competing interests of pharmaceutical innovators and their generic competitors. On one hand, the statute shields development of generic drugs from patent infringement liability if such activity is reasonably related to securing FDA approval. On the other, the statute requires a generic drug maker seeking FDA approval to market before patent expiration to file a so-called "Paragraph IV Certification," asserting that the innovator's patent is invalid, unenforceable, or not infringed, and to send notice of its views and the reasons therefor to the patent owner. The Act then permits the patent owner to file suit for infringement and further provides for a stay of FDA approval of the generic product, usually for a period of 30 months. The stay permits generic manufacturers to resolve the patent issues without incurring liability for damages and permits judicial resolution before the innovator's market is radically disrupted by potentially unlawful generic competition.
More recently, Congress passed the AIA in an attempt, inter alia, to reduce costly district court litigation and address a number of perceived deficiencies in the patent law. To accomplish this, Congress reinvented inter partes reexamination into what is now known as IPR. IPR is an adjudicative proceeding before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ("PTAB") rather than a traditional patent examination. It permits anyone other than the patent owner to challenge a patent's validity for alleged obviousness or lack of novelty based on patents or printed publications. Like inter partes reexamination, the IPR petitioner is foreclosed from raising, in court, invalidity challenges that were raised or could have been raised in its IPR which may discourage use of the procedure by some generic manufacturers. Unlike inter partes reexamination, which generally took several years to reach appeal at the USPTO making that procedure unattractive to generic companies, IPR is a relatively fast proceeding, concluding in 12–18 months. There is no presumption of validity, and limited discovery is allowed, possibly making IPR an attractive option to generic manufacturers in some cases. If the petitioner or real party in interest files an invalidity challenge in district court on or after the date on which the petitioner files a petition for IPR, the district court case is automatically stayed. Otherwise, the decision on whether or not to stay court proceedings is left to the court's discretion.
IPRs can significantly complicate the landscape of Hatch–Waxman litigation, particularly when the IPR petitioner has filed, or is in the process of preparing, an ANDA containing a Paragraph IV Certification. Several observations illustrate this point:
In light of these important considerations, the USPTO can and should exercise discretion to decline to institute IPRs in appropriate ANDA disputes.
Neither the AIA nor its legislative history suggests any absolute right to IPR. The statute states when the USPTO may not authorize an IPR, but does not provide that it must institute an IPR under any circumstances. It follows that the absence of any affirmative requirement to institute IPR effectively grants the USPTO broad discretion to deny institution of an IPR on any ground. The non-appealable nature of the USPTO's institution decisions confirms this discretion.
Moreover, as required by Hatch–Waxman, ANDA disputes must be heard by the district court. Consequently, there will necessarily be duplicative efforts between the district court and the PTAB. Duplication of effort may counsel against instituting IPRs in certain circumstances involving ANDA disputes. Indeed, the PTAB has stated that it considers economy and the integrity of the patent system in fashioning IPR procedures, and similar considerations may justify refusal to institute IPR in appropriate ANDA cases. Cf. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. v. Progressive Casualty Ins. Co., CBM2012-00003, Paper 7 (PTAB Oct. 25, 2012). Further, the time and effort usually required to fully and fairly resolve these very complicated ANDA disputes in court—often more than 25 months—strongly suggests the inadequacy of even an 18-month period. The AIA provides the USPTO with the discretion to deny IPRs if it appears a particular case cannot be resolved quickly enough or would overburden the Board.
Finally, discretionary abstention from exercising the power to act, when doing otherwise is likely to upset ongoing proceedings, is a well-established principle in American jurisprudence. See, e.g., Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800 (1976) (abstention from exercising jurisdiction in concurrent proceedings may be warranted based in part on "(w)ise judicial administration, giving regard to conservation of judicial resources and comprehensive disposition of litigation"). As discussed above, conflicting validity determinations between the USPTO and district courts, and the sensitive time period due to the 30-month stay of ANDA approval, warrant careful consideration by the USPTO of the wisdom of proceeding with an IPR in certain circumstances involving ANDA litigation.
The conflicting Hatch–Waxman and AIA schemes present strong arguments against instituting IPR proceedings in many generic drug patent disputes. Moreover, by granting the USPTO broad discretion to decline to institute an IPR, Congress has created the statutory framework allowing the USPTO to permit such validity disputes to be litigated in the district courts, as intended by Hatch–Waxman. Hopefully, the USPTO will do so in appropriate cases.
Originally printed in pharmaphorum (www.pharmaphorum.com). Reprinted with permission. This article is for informational purposes, is not intended to constitute legal advice, and may be considered advertising under applicable state laws. This article is only the opinion of the authors and is not attributable to Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP, or the firm's clients.
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